【Hacker News搬运】黑客Fab

hackernews

Title: Hacker Fab

黑客Fab

Text:

Url: https://docs.hackerfab.org/hacker-fab-space

由于我是一个文本处理的AI，我无法直接访问或抓取网络上的内容。但我可以提供如何使用JinaReader这样的工具来抓取和分析网页内容的步骤，并假设内容是英文的，我将演示如何使用在线翻译服务将其翻译成中文。

### 使用JinaReader抓取和分析网页内容

1. **安装JinaReader**:
   JinaReader通常是一个Python库，你可以通过pip安装它。

   ```bash
   pip install jina

设置JinaReader:
在Python脚本中设置JinaReader，并指定要抓取的URL。

from jina import Client

# 初始化Jina客户端
client = Client()

# 指定要抓取的网页URL
url = "https://docs.hackerfab.org/hacker-fab-space"

执行抓取任务:
使用客户端的fetch方法来抓取网页内容。

# 抓取网页内容
response = client.fetch(url)

# 获取抓取到的文本内容
text_content = response.text

分析内容:
你可以对抓取到的文本内容进行进一步分析，比如提取关键词、摘要等。
```
# 这里只是示例，具体分析取决于你的需求
print(text_content)
```

翻译内容到中文

如果你需要将抓取的内容翻译成中文，你可以使用在线翻译服务如Google Translate API或其他类似的API。

注册API密钥:
在Google Cloud Console或其他API提供者的网站上注册，以获取API密钥。

设置翻译API:
使用你的API密钥来调用翻译服务。

import requests

# 你的API密钥
api_key = 'YOUR_API_KEY'

# 翻译函数
def translate_to_chinese(text):
    url = 'https://translation.googleapis.com/language/translate/v2'
    params = {
        'q': text,
        'target': 'zh-CN',
        'key': api_key
    }
    response = requests.get(url, params=params)
    translated_text = response.json()['data']['translations'][0]['translatedText']
    return translated_text

# 假设text_content是你需要翻译的文本
translated_content = translate_to_chinese(text_content)
print(translated_content)

请注意，以上代码仅为示例，并不能在没有网络连接和API密钥的情况下运行。你需要将 'YOUR_API_KEY' 替换为你的实际API密钥，并且确保网络连接正常，以调用API进行翻译。

        
## Post by: ipnon
        
### Comments: 
        
**andrewla**: When we saw a rise in 3d printing, I was very hopeful that a hobbyist movement towards fabricating large-feature ICs would soon arise. Nobody&#x27;s doing 4nm fabrication in their garage, I reasoned, but surely we could get to ~10um.<p>As I read more about the dark art of IC fabrication, though, I realized that even this was a faint dream. I had imagined a world of lasers carving troughs, and print heads carefully placing down the lines and doping the silicon, an elegant symphony of modern technology.<p>But the real world is much messier -- every stage involves dangerous and toxic chemicals, processes that are spoiled by a spec of dust in the wrong place, either causing a cascade of reagent failures or a physical impediment to correctness; distressingly analog and oh so messy and built by trial and error and refined by domain experts in ways that are intensely hard to replicate because all the same lessons need to be learned again each time.<p>I&#x27;m glad to see the work being done here for hobbyist fabrication, but barring huge leaps and bounds, the gap between the neat lines in Magic and the shiny silicon discs is a vast chasm owned by the material scientists, not the electrical engineers or the software engineers.
> **andrewla**: 当我们看到3d打印的兴起时，我非常希望制造大型功能IC的业余爱好者运动很快就会兴起。无人；“我们在他们的车库里做4纳米制造，”我推理道，“但我们肯定能达到10微米左右。”<p> 然而，当我读到更多关于IC制造的黑暗艺术时，我意识到即使是这也是一个微弱的梦想。我曾想象过一个激光雕刻槽的世界，打印头仔细地放置线条并掺杂硅，这是现代技术的优雅交响乐<p> 但现实世界要混乱得多——每个阶段都涉及危险和有毒的化学物质，这些过程在错误的地方被一种灰尘破坏，要么导致一系列试剂故障，要么对正确性造成物理障碍；令人痛心的是，这种模拟和混乱是通过反复试验构建的，并由领域专家以极难复制的方式进行改进，因为每次都需要再次学习相同的经验教训<p> 我；我很高兴看到这里的工作是为业余爱好者制造的，但除非有巨大的飞跃，否则《魔法》中整齐的线条和闪亮的硅光盘之间的差距是一个巨大的鸿沟，属于材料科学家，而不是电气工程师或软件工程师。
            
**nwiswell**: While I&#x27;m sympathetic to democratizing access to simple fabrication technology, I have serious misgivings about hobbyists getting involved.<p>There&#x27;s the obvious stuff: you can&#x27;t avoid HF, and it&#x27;s nasty stuff. You can die. But that&#x27;s not what I&#x27;m the most worried about; people can make smart decisions to reduce risk, and ultimately people can make their own decisions about their risk tolerance.<p>What I&#x27;m worried about is the SF6 for the RIE. Kg for kg, that stuff has a global warming potential of more than <i>24,000 TIMES</i> the warming potential of CO2. If it&#x27;s all broken down in the plasma chamber, or there&#x27;s exhaust scrubbers involved like you&#x27;d have at an industrial fab, then it&#x27;s no issue.<p>But hobbyists are going to be spilling and purging a bunch of unmodified SF6. It&#x27;s kind of an ecological catastrophe. Some things are better not done at home.
> **nwiswell**: 而我；我同情简单制造技术的民主化，但我对业余爱好者参与其中有严重的疑虑<p> 那里；显而易见的是：你可以；不要避免HF；讨厌的东西。你会死的。但这；这不是我想要的；我最担心的是；人们可以做出明智的决定来降低风险，最终人们可以对自己的风险承受能力做出自己的决定<p> 我是什么；我担心的是RIE的SF6。千克对千克，这种物质的全球变暖潜力是二氧化碳变暖潜力的24000倍以上。如果；它们都在等离子体腔室中分解，或者在那里；像您一样涉及的废气洗涤器；d在工业工厂，然后；没问题<p> 但业余爱好者将要泄漏和清除一堆未经修改的SF6。它；这是一场生态灾难。有些事情最好不要在家里做。
            
**mNovak**: This looks really fun, and I&#x27;m hopeful for low cost prototyping to come to IC development. But I think 3D printing is the wrong comparison -- the much closer example is PCBs, and while we can DIY PCBs (I did this in college) it&#x27;s not even necessary as they&#x27;re just so cheap because of the rise of aggregators and high volume scaling in China.<p>I have to wonder if there&#x27;s not more that can be done on this front for low cost IC prototyping. I don&#x27;t think the fixed infrastructure is necessarily the problem (i.e. building the fab) as there&#x27;s enough capacity for cheap chips in volume, meaning each additional wafer isn&#x27;t the cost limiting factor. There are multi-project wafers (like PCB aggregators), but my understanding is that the hard cost limit currently is the NRE of making the mask set, which isn&#x27;t getting amortized over a sufficient number of devices in a prototype run.<p>So cheap masks (or fewer masks) would be an area I&#x27;d be interested to see development.
> **mNovak**: 这看起来真的很有趣，我；我希望低成本原型技术能够应用于集成电路开发。但我认为3D打印是错误的比较——更接近的例子是PCB，虽然我们可以DIY PCB（我在大学时做过）；甚至没有必要，因为它们；之所以如此便宜，是因为聚合商的崛起和中国的大规模扩张<p> 我想知道是否有；在这方面，对于低成本IC原型制作来说，已经没有更多的方法了。我不知道；不认为固定基础设施一定是问题所在（即建造晶圆厂），因为；其容量足以容纳廉价芯片的体积，这意味着每个额外的晶片都不是；t成本限制因素。有多个项目的晶圆（如PCB聚合器），但我的理解是，目前的硬成本限制是制造掩模组的NRE，这不是；t在原型运行中在足够数量的设备上摊销<p> 因此，廉价口罩（或更少口罩）将是一个领域；我有兴趣看看进展。
            
**mcdow**: Assumption: the dream <i>primary</i> value of something like this is the ability for individuals to fab chips on their own. Like 3D printing, it’s for rapid iteration in prototyping. Then once you have a design you have one of the big players manufacture it in the traditional manner.<p>If my assumption is true, how is this better than FPGAs?
> **mcdow**: 假设：像这样的东西的梦想<i>主要</i>值是个人自己制造芯片的能力。与3D打印一样，它用于原型制作的快速迭代。然后，一旦你有了一个设计，你就可以让一家大公司以传统方式制造它<p> 如果我的假设是真的，这比FPGA好多少？
            
**georgeburdell**: Just IMO as a semiconductor expert, but to try and scale down the existing semiconductor process is not the right approach.  It’s just too complex.  There need to be new tools optimized for simplicity of reagents, like no toxic photoresist and developers, no deadly plasma gases, etc.  Or, if those steps are required, that they can be decoupled from the local lab.  Example: you can just buy silicon wafers coated with oxide or metal today
> **georgeburdell**: 只是IMO作为半导体专家，但试图缩减现有的半导体工艺并不是正确的方法。这太复杂了。需要有针对试剂简单性进行优化的新工具，比如没有有毒的光致抗蚀剂和显影剂，没有致命的等离子气体等。或者，如果需要这些步骤，它们可以与当地实验室脱钩。例如：你今天就可以买到涂有氧化物或金属的硅片